Computer-based social engineering includes hoax letters, chain letters and more. Whereas Mobile-based includes SMS based and through emails and messengers.

ethical-hacking

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Computer and Mobile Based Social Engineering</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <h2>Computer-Based Social Engineering:</h2> 
 <p><strong>Hoax Letters:</strong> These are fake emails sending warnings about malware, virus and worms causing harm to the computers.</p> 
 <p><strong>Chain letters:</strong> Asking people to forward emails or messages for money.</p> 
 <p><strong>Spam Messages:</strong> These are unwanted irrelevant emails trying to gather information about users.</p> 
 <p><strong>Instant Chat messengers</strong>: Gathering personal information from a single user by chatting with them.</p> 
 <p><strong>Phishing:</strong> Creating a cloned fake website trying to gather sensitive information about users. It can be done by sending a fake email as though coming from an original website and then trying to collect confidential information.</p> 
 <p>Phishing can also be executed through fake mobile applications.</p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;"> </p> 
 <h2>Mobile based Attacks:</h2> 
 <p>SMS based: Sending a fake SMS saying that the user has won a bounty, urging him/her to register with confidential information or try and collect other important details.</p> 
 <p>Through Malicious Apps: Applications downloaded from third party sources may be malicious; they can access authentication information and other sensitive details.</p> 
 <p>Through Email and messengers: Attackers can send spam emails or malicious links through messenger applications. When the victim clicks on it- he may be redirected to a malicious site, or a malware could be downloaded or it may lead to some other malicious activity.</p> 
 <h2>Social engineering on corporate side:</h2> 
 <p><strong>Find an insider:</strong> It can be a disgruntled employee who may be the target.</p> 
 <p><strong>Develop relationship:</strong> Develop a friendship with this person and maintain this relationship to the point he trusts you.</p> 
 <p><strong>Exploit the relationship:</strong> Extract the information about the company and other sensitive information exploiting the trust that he placed in you.</p> 
 <h3>Insider Attacks:</h3> 
 <p>An insider attack is very difficult to detect. If a disgruntled employee wants to take revenge; he can install malicious applications to steal/modify information, causing significant damage to the organization or he can be bribed by the competitor to reveal or steal company secrets, intellectual property information, etc.</p> 
 <h2>Countermeasures:</h2> 
 <ul> 
  <li> <p>Educating the employees about the security policies and frameworks, best practices, etc.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Creating awareness among the users and employees about social engineering attacks.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Enforcing strict perimeter policy, authentication mechanisms.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Coming up with effective security policies.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Enforcing proper access privileges.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Classifying information and protecting access to them.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Using Updated antivirus, anti-phishing tools. </p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Monitoring and auditing.</p> </li> 
 </ul> 
 <p></p> 
</section>
 
<div class="course_link"></div>

Computer and Mobile Based Social Engineering | Ethical Hacking

A rootkit is a collection of malicious computer software created to get access to a target computer and often hides its existence or the existence of other software.

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Rootkits, Spyware and Ransomware</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <h2>Rootkits</h2> 
 <p>A rootkit is a collection of malicious computer software created to get access to a target computer and often hides its existence or the existence of other software. The term rootkit is a concatenation of "root" (the privileged account on Unix-like operating systems) and the word "kit" (which refers to the software components that implement the tool). </p> 
 <p>A rootkit can be installed by an attacker directly or remotely by exploiting a known vulnerability. Once installed, it hides and runs with administrator privilege. Rootkit detection is difficult because a rootkit intercepts operating system calls by antivirus and return a good version of the software. It either duplicates or replaces OS system files making it difficult to detect it.</p> 
 <h3>Methods of Detection:</h3> 
 <ul> 
  <li> <p>Behavioural-based methods</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>signature scanning,</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Integrity scanning by taking snapshots</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Memory dump analysis. </p> </li> 
 </ul> 
 <p>The usual solution is to reinstall the operating system. </p> 
 <p>When dealing with firmware rootkits, removal may require hardware replacement or specialized equipment.</p> 
 <h2>Spyware</h2> 
 <p>This malware when installed on the target, monitor the Target for every action and report to the remote attacker. Cookie stealing, Password stealing, identity theft, information theft are few attacks which are common using spyware</p> 
 <h2>Ransomware</h2> 
 <p>These are malicious software which restricts access to computer system files and folders asking for an online ransom amount to remove the restrictions. </p> 
 <p>Usually, they encrypt the data, making the user pay them a huge ransom to get the decrypted data.</p> 
 <p></p> 
</section>
 
<div class="course_link"></div>

Rootkits, Spyware and Ransomware | Ethical Hacking

Team building is also a science. There are formally identified stages of team formation and development. The stages are Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.

project-management-professional

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Stakeholder Management Overview</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Who are Stakeholders?</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://www.greycampus.com/blog/project-management/project-stakeholders">Stakeholders</a> are individuals who get impacted by the project. A Stakeholder can be a supporter and a resistor.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Project Stakeholder Management<a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/click?id=vVDQJRy73Dw&amp;subid=&amp;offerid=323058.1&amp;type=10&amp;tmpid=14538&amp;RD_PARM1=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udemy.com%2Fpmp-certification-complete%2F" target="_blank"> </a>involves identification of stakeholders, analysis of their expectations and influences, development of appropriate strategies to work with the stakeholders and executing the process. Frequent communication is required with the stakeholders. Needs and expectations of the stakeholders to be understood. Managing conflicting interest and involving stakeholders in key project decisions and activities are also crucial. All of this forms a part of the <a href="https://www.greycampus.com/blog/project-management/cmdb-goals-benefits-and-effect-in-relation-to-key-stakeholders">stakeholder</a> management process. The project manager is expected to possess the ability to identify the needs and influences of the stakeholders to manage them effectively.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Identify Stakeholders </strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">The process of identifying individuals who are impacted by the project is known as Identify Stakeholders Process. The project manager will be able to identify the appropriate focus of each stakeholder as an outcome of Identify Stakeholders process. Stakeholders can include the customers, sponsors, employees, management, government, and society as well. These stakeholders have a potential to exert positive or negative influence on the project deliverables.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Stakeholder needs are to be identified at an early stage of the project to ensure that all their requirements and voices are considered. The stakeholders can be classified on the basis of their interest in the project, the level of influence on the project outcome and their involvement. For the success of the project, the project manager needs to have a relationship that is cordial and extremely success oriented.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Stakeholders Process can receive inputs from:</p> 
 <ul> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Project Charter: </strong>Internal and external parties related to the project are identified using the project charter</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Procurement Documents: </strong>The parties involved in a procurement contract are key project stakeholders</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Enterprise Environmental Factors:</strong> Organizational culture, its structure, governmental regulations, trends, practices or habits of individuals represent enterprise environmental factors</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Organizational Process Assets:</strong> Stakeholder registers from previous projects, lessons learned are important inputs for identifying stakeholders</p> </li> 
 </ul> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://www.greycampus.com/blog/project-management/get-easy-approval-from-key-stakeholders-step-by-step"><strong>Stakeholder Analysis </strong></a></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">A qualitative and quantitative analysis is required to systematically determine the interest of stakeholders throughout the project. The benefits of this analysis are:</p> 
 <ul> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Stakeholder interests can be identified</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Stakeholder expectations can be identified</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Another benefit includes identification of stakeholder relationships that can be leveraged to build partnerships with stakeholders to increase the probability of project success</p> </li> 
 </ul> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Steps involved in stakeholder analysis process are:</strong></p> 
 <ul> 
  <li style="text-align:justify">Identification of potential stakeholders including their roles, departments, interests, knowledge, expectations, and influence levels.</li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Identify and analyze the potential impact each stakeholder could generate</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Classify the stakeholder's basis logical categories of potential impact</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Determine the likely reaction of these stakeholders to respond in various situations</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Plan the approach strategy to enhance their positive support and reduce negative influences</p> </li> 
 </ul> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Multiple classification models are used for stakeholder analysis, but not limited to:</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Power/Interest grid:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Bifurcation of stakeholders based on their level of authority and their level of concern regarding project outcomes.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Power/Influence grid:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Bifurcation of stakeholders based on their level of authority and their level of involvement in the project</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Power/Impact grid:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Bifurcation of stakeholders based on their level of authority and their level of impacting changes on project activities</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Salience model:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">This model describes categories of stakeholders based on their power, urgency, and legitimacy.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Outputs of Identifying Stakeholders:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Stakeholder register is updated with details such as:</p> 
 <ul> 
  <li style="text-align:justify">Stakeholder information</li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Includes their name, organizational position, location, role in the project, business phone number, email address, etc</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Stakeholder requirements</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Key expectations, major requirements, involvement in the project etc</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Stakeholder Classification</p> </li> 
 </ul> 
 <p></p> 
</section>
 
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Stakeholder Management Overview | Project Management Professional (PMP)

IDS’ are the security systems which monitor the traffic and notify the administrator on traffic of concern. They do not prevent the attack, but they alert the administrator.

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> IDS: Intrusion Detection System</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p>IDS’ are the security systems which monitor the traffic and alert or notify the administrator on traffic of concern. They do not prevent the attack but they just alert the administrator.</p> 
 <h2>Types:</h2> 
 <h3>Network-Based IDS:</h3> 
 <p>IDS can be installed at the perimeter of the network- on LAN, on subnets, on the important server, etc. The organisation can be centralised where the agents are installed on all major entry points, and all these agents send their log/report to the centralised manager who takes the decision; or it can be in distributed mode, where each agent has some decision making capability and the centralised manager takes complex decisions.</p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="network based IDS" class="img-fluid" src="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/20029733/Imported_Blog_Media/content_network_based_IDS.png" style="width: 480px; height: 351px"></p> 
 <h3>Host-based IDS:</h3> 
 <p>It is a tedious process to install IDS on all host machines.</p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="host based IDS" class="img-fluid" src="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/20029733/Imported_Blog_Media/content_host_based_IDS.png" style="width: 219px; height: 314px"><br> Image Source: <a href="https://www.hackthis.co.uk/articles/basics-of-intrusion-detection-systems" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.hackthis.co.uk/articles/basics-of-intrusion-detection-systems</a></p> 
 <p></p> 
</section>
 
<div class="course_link"></div>

IDS: Intrusion Detection System | Ethical Hacking

TCP guarantees delivery of data, and also ensures that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent.

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Network or TCP Session Hijacking</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p>TCP guarantees delivery of data, and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. In order to guarantee that packets are delivered in the right order, TCP uses acknowledgement (ACK) packets and sequence numbers to create a "full duplex reliable stream connection between two endpoints", with the endpoints referring to the communicating hosts. The connection between the client and the server begins with a 3-way handshake.</p> 
 <p>After the handshake, it is just a matter of sending packets and incrementing the sequence number to verify that the packets are getting sent and received.</p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="TCP session initiation" class="img-fluid" src="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/20029733/Imported_Blog_Media/content_network_or_tcp_session1.bmp" style="width: 448px; height: 263px"><br> Image Source: <a href="http://www.bvkmohan.com/2011/02/tcp-flags-hackers-playground-and.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.bvkmohan.com/2011/02/tcp-flags-hackers-playground-and.html</a></p> 
 <p>The goal of the TCP session hijacker is to create a state where the client and server are unable to exchange data; enabling him/her to forge acceptable packets for both ends, which mimic the real packets. Thus, the attacker is able to gain control of the session.</p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="TCP session hijacker" class="img-fluid" src="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/20029733/Imported_Blog_Media/content_network_or_tcp_session2.bmp" style="width: 297px; height: 378px"></p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Session_hijacking_attack" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Session_hijacking_attack</a></p> 
 <p><strong>IP Spoofing:</strong> IP spoofing is a technique which is used to gain unauthorized access to computers where the intruder sends a message to a computer with an Ip address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host. </p> 
 <p><strong>Man in the middle Attack:</strong> Attacker tries to get the session Id by doing ARP spoofing and man in the middle attack.</p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="man-in-the-middle attack" class="img-fluid" src="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/20029733/Imported_Blog_Media/content_network_or_tcp_session3.bmp" style="width: 330px; height: 251px"></p> 
 <p style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="http://slideplayer.com/slide/6005679/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://slideplayer.com/slide/6005679/</a></p> 
 <p><strong>Blind Hijacking:</strong> In cases where source routing is disabled, the session hijacker can also use blind hijacking where he injects his malicious data into intercepted communications in the TCP session. It is called blind because he cannot see the response; though the hijacker can send the data or commands, he is basically guessing the responses of the client and server.</p> 
 <p><strong>UDP session Hijacking:</strong> UDP is a connectionless protocol. UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services offering. There is no direct way to send and receive datagrams over an IP network. Therefore, the delivery integrity, non-duplication and orders are not guaranteed. UDP doesn't use sequence numbers like TCP, it is mainly used for broadcasting messages across the network or for doing DNS queries.</p> 
 <h2>Counter Measures:</h2> 
 <ul> 
  <li> <p>Using secure protocols instead of clear text protocols like HTTP, FTP.Telnet, Rlogin, etc.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Encrypting session id will increase the complexity of the session id prediction.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Sending session id over SSL.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Use long random numbers for session id.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Implement timeout for the session when the session is logged out, or session id expires.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Having different session id for each page.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Use switches rather than hubs.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Ensure server side and client side protection software.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Use IDS for detecting ARP spoofing/Poisoning.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Do not click on suspicious links.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Check the web application for all errors.</p> </li> 
  <li> <p>Using IPSec is a valid defence mechanism.</p> </li> 
 </ul> 
 <p></p> 
</section>
 
<div class="course_link"></div>

Network or TCP Session Hijacking | Ethical Hacking

Know the benefits of PMP Certification and the views expressed by PMP credential holders.

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Benefits of PMP Certification</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p><a href="https://www.greycampus.com/pmp-training-instructor-led">PMP</a> serves as an unprejudiced endorsement of your<a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/click?id=vVDQJRy73Dw&amp;subid=&amp;offerid=323058.1&amp;type=10&amp;tmpid=14538&amp;RD_PARM1=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udemy.com%2Fproject-management-in-it-industry%2F" target="_blank"> </a><strong>Project Management knowledge </strong>and professional experience at a global level. Its benefits include high market value, increased credibility and in many cases, a higher pay.</p> 
 <p>Given below are different views expressed by PMP credential holders on the career benefits they could see from this certification.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/20029733/Imported_Blog_Media/Benefits%20of%20PMP%20credentials.png" style="height: 428px; width: 600px"></p> 
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Benefits of PMP Certification | Project Management Professional (PMP)

The purpose of starting up a project process is as much about preventing the project from ever being an EC 80 as it is about approving the initiation of available projects.

prince-2-foundation

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Introduction on starting up a project process</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p style="text-align:justify">Projects can be identified in various ways and thus a wide variation in the information available at the time of start up. PRINCE2 calls the trigger for the project of the project mandate, the project mandate should provide the terms of reference for the project and should contain sufficient information to identify at least the perspective executive of the project board. The mandate is refined to develop the project brief. The project board must be provided with sufficient information to make the decision to initiate the project. The effort involved in starting up a project will vary enormously from project to project if the project is part of a program the program itself should provide the project brief. The preparation of the outlined business case and assembling of the project brief which parallel and iterative activities require regular and frequent interaction and consultations between the project manager the project board members and other stakeholders.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Purpose of the starting up a project process:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">The purpose of the starting up a project process is to ensure that the prerequisites for initiating a project are in place by unseen the question. Nothing should be done until certain base information needed to make rational decisions about the commissioning of the project is defined. The purpose of starting up a project process is as much about preventing the project from ever being an EC 80 as it is about approving the initiation of available projects. As such starting of a project is a lighter process compared to the more detailed and there initiating a project process. Whenever we go through the purpose you need to be clear what is the purpose of each process.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Process Overview:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">You soon get used to recognizing what a process is? what an activity is? what an event or a decision is? and so on</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Objective of starting up a project </strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">The objective of starting up a project process is to ensure that there is a business justification for initiating the project. Sufficient information is available to define and confirm the scope of the project. The various ways that a project can be delivered are evaluated and a project approach is selected. Individuals are appointed who will undertake the work required in project initiation and all will take significant project management roles in the project. </p> 
 <p></p> 
</section>
 
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Introduction on starting up a project process | PRINCE2 Foundation

Problem management is the process which is responsible for managing the lifecycle of all problems. ITIL defines a ‘problem’ as an underlying cause of one or more incidents. 

itil-foundation

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Problem Management</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p style="text-align:justify">Problem management is the process which is responsible to manage the lifecycle of all problems. ITIL defines a ‘problem’ as an underlying cause of one or more incidents. The purpose of problem management is to manage the lifecycle of all problems from first identification through further investigation, documentation and eventual removal.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Problem management seeks to minimize the adverse impact of incidents and problems on the business that are caused by underlying errors within the IT Infrastructure and to proactively prevent recurrence of incidents related to these errors. In order to achieve this, problem management seeks to get the root cause of incidents, document and communicate the known errors and initiate actions to improve or correct the situation.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Objectives &amp; Steps</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">The objectives of the problem management process are to: </p> 
 <ol> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Prevent problems and resulting incidents from happening</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Eliminate recurring incidents minimize the impact of incidents that cannot be prevented</p> </li> 
 </ol> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Problem management follows the </strong><strong>below mentioned</strong><strong> steps: </strong><br> <br> Problem detection it is likely that multiple ways of detecting problems will exist in all organizations. These can include triggers for reactive and proactive problem management.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Suspicion or detection of a cause of one or more incidents by the service desk, resulting in a problem record being raised. The desk may have resolved the incident but has not determined a definitive cause, and suspects that it is likely to recur, So will raise a problem record to allow the underlying cause to be resolved. Alternatively, it may be immediately obvious from the outset that an incident, or incidents, has been caused by a major problem, so a problem record will be raised without delay.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Analysis of an incident by a technical support group which reveals that an underlying problem exists, or is likely to exist. Analysis of incidents that result in the need to raise a problem record, so that the underlying fault can be investigated further.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Trending of historical incident records to identify one or more underlying causes that if removed, can prevent their recurrence. In this case, a problem record is raised once the underlying trend or cause is discovered.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Problem Logging a cross-reference must be made to the incident(s) which initiated the problem record and all relevant details must be copied from the incident record(s) to the problem record. It is difficult to be exact, as cases may vary, but typically this will include details such as:</p> 
 <ol> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">User details Service details Equipment details Date/time initially logged Priority and categorization details Incident description</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Incident record numbers or other cross- reference</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Details of all diagnostic or attempted recovery actions taken.</p> </li> 
 </ol> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Problem categorization: </strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Problems should be categorized in the same way as incidents (and it is advisable to use the same coding system), so that the true nature of the problem can be easily traced in the future, and meaningful management information can be obtained. This also allows for incidents and problems to be more readily matched.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Problem prioritization: </strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Problems should be prioritized the same way using the same reasons as incidents. The frequency and impact of related incidents must also be taken into account. </p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Severity in this context refers to how serious the problem is from a service or customer perspective, as well as an infrastructure perspective. For example: Can the system be recovered, or does it need to be replaced? How much will it cost? How many people, with what skills, will be needed to fix the problem? How long will it take to fix the problem? How extensive is the problem (e.g. how many CIs are affected)?</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Problem investigation and diagnosis: </strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">At this stage, an investigation should be conducted to diagnose the root cause of the problem. The speed and nature of this investigation will vary depending upon the impact, severity and urgency of the problem. The CMS must be used to determine the level of impact and pinpoint and diagnose the exact point of failure. </p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">The KEDB should also be accessed and problem-matching techniques (Such as keyword searches) should be used to see if the problem has occurred before and, if so, to find the resolution.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">It is often valuable to try to recreate the failure to understand what has gone wrong, and then try various ways of finding the most appropriate and cost-effective resolution to the problem. It may be possible to recreate the problem in a test environment that mirrors the live environment. This allows for investigation and diagnosis activities to proceed effectively without causing further disruption to users.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Workarounds: </strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">In some cases it may be possible to find a workaround to the incidents caused by the problem. For example, a manual amendment may be made to an input file to allow a program to complete its run successfully and allow a billing process to complete satisfactorily, but it is important that work on a permanent resolution continues where this is justified. In this example the reason for the file becoming corrupted in the first place must be found and corrected to prevent this happening again.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">When a workaround is found, it is therefore important that the problem record remains open and details of the workaround are documented within the problem record.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Raising a known error record: </strong>A known error is defined as a problem with a documented root cause and workaround. The known error record should identify the problem record it relates to and document the status of actions being taken to resolve the problem, its root cause and workaround. All known error records should be stored in the KEDB.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">As soon as the diagnosis is complete, and particularly where a workaround has been found (even though it may not yet be a permanent resolution), A known error record must be raised and placed in the KEDB so that if further incidents or problems arise, they can be identified and the service restored more quickly.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">In some cases it may be advantageous to raise a known error record even earlier in the overall process even though the diagnosis may not be completed or a workaround is found. This might be used for information purposes, or to identify a root cause, or a workaround that appears to address the problem but hasn’t been fully confirmed.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Problem resolution:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Once a root cause has been found and a solution to remove it has been developed, it should be applied to resolve the problem. In reality, safeguards may be needed to ensure that the resolution does not cause further difficulties. If any change in functionality is required, an RFC should be raised and authorized before the resolution can be applied. If the problem is very serious and an immediate fix is needed for business reasons, then an emergency RFC should be raised. The resolution should be applied only when the change has been authorized and scheduled for release. In the meantime, the KEDB should be used to help resolve quickly any further occurrences of the incidents/problems that occur.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Problem closure:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">When a final resolution has been applied, the problem record should be formally closed, as should any related incident records that are still open. A check should be performed at this time to ensure that the record contains a full historical description of all events and if not, the record should be updated.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Major problem review:</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">After every major problem (as determined by the organization’s priority system), and while memories are still fresh, a review should be conducted to learn any lessons for the future. Specifically, the review should examine those things that were done correctly, those things that were done wrong.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">What could be done better in the future? How to prevent recurrence. Whether there has been any third-party responsibility and whether follow-up actions are needed.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Scope</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Problem management includes the activities required to diagnose the root cause of incidents and to determine the resolution to those problems. It is also required to ensure that the resolution is implemented through the appropriate control procedures, especially change management, release and deployment management. Problem management will also maintain information about problems and the appropriate workarounds and resolutions, so that the organization is able to reduce the number and impact of incidents over time.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">In this respect, problem management has a strong interface with knowledge management, and tools such as the KEDB will be used for both. Although, incident and problem management are separate processes, they are closely related and will typically use the same tools, and may use similar categorization, impact and priority coding systems. This will ensure effective communication when dealing with related incidents and problems.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">The problem management process has both reactive and proactive aspects:</p> 
 <ol> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Reactive problem management is concerned with solving problems in response to one or more incidents</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Proactive problem management is concerned with identifying and solving problems and known errors before further incidents related to them can occur again</p> </li> 
 </ol> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">While reactive problem management activities are performed in reaction to specific incident situations, proactive problem management activities takes place as ongoing activities are targeted to improve the overall availability and end use satisfaction with IT services.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Examples of proactive problem management activities might include conducting periodic scheduled review of incidents. Records, to find patterns and trends in reported symptoms that may indicate the presence of underlying errors in the infrastructure.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Conducting major incident reviews where review of ‘How can we prevent the recurrence? can provide identification of an underlying cause or error. Conducting periodic scheduled reviews of operational logs and maintenance records identifying patterns and trends of activities that may indicate an underlying problem might exist. </p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Conducting periodic scheduled reviews of event logs targeting patterns and trends of warning and exception events that may indicate the presence of an underlying problem. Conducting brainstorming sessions to identify trends indicate the existence of underlying problems.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Using check sheets to proactively collect data on service or operational quality issues that may help to detect underlying problems. Reactive and proactive problem management activities are generally conducted within the scope of service operation. A close relationship exists between proactive problem management activities and CSI lifecycle activities that directly support in identifying and implementing service improvements.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Proactive problem management supports those activities through trending analysis and the targeting of preventive action. Identifying problems from these activities will become an input to the CSI register which is used to record and manage improvement opportunities.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Value to Business</strong></p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">Problem management provides value to business by providing:</p> 
 <ol> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Higher availability of IT services by reducing the number and duration of incidents that those services may incur</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">Problem management works together with incident management and change management to ensure that IT service availability and quality are increased</p> </li> 
  <li> <p style="text-align:justify">When incidents are resolved, information about the resolution is recorded</p> </li> 
 </ol> 
 <p>Over time, this information is used to speed up the resolution time and identify permanent solutions, reducing the number and resolution time of incidents. Higher productivity of IT staff by reducing unplanned labour caused by incidents and creating the ability to resolve incidents more quickly through recorded known errors and workarounds. Reduced expenditure on workarounds or fixes that do not work. Reduction in cost of effort in fire-fighting or resolving repeat incidents.</p> 
 <p></p> 
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Problem Management | ITIL Foundation

Get all the things ready the previous night of the exam which makes you calmer on the day of the exam. When you sit for the exam, spend the first five minutes reading the scenario booklet. 

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 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> Day of Exam</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p style="text-align:justify">Well! Now you are all set to take up the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam which is the concluding step to achieve your certification. This would be after the great effort you have put in for preparation. On the day before make sure that you stay relaxed. Get all the things ready the previous night of the exam which makes you calmer on the day of the exam. When you sit for the exam spend first five minutes reading the scenario booklet. </p> 
 <p>Stay Organized!</p> 
 <p style="text-align:justify">We wish you all the very best for the exam.</p> 
 <p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/20029733/Imported_Blog_Media/7%20steps%20day%20of%20exam(1).png" style="height: 400px; width: 600px"></p> 
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Day of Exam | PRINCE2 Foundation

Hacking is the process of identifying and exploiting weakness in a system or a network to gain unauthorized access to data and system resources. It can also be defined as an unauthorized intrusion into the information systems/networks by an attacker by compromising the security.

<section class="mt-30 content-a opencampus_courses_content"> 
 <h1 class="module_content-title " style="font-size:24px;"><span class="fa fa-edit"></span> What is Hacking?</h1> 
 <p></p>
 <p>Hacking is the process of identifying and exploiting weakness in a system or a network to gain unauthorized access to data and system resources. It can also be defined as an unauthorized intrusion into the information systems/networks by an attacker by compromising the security. Example of Hacking: Exploiting the weakness of default password to gain access to the data stored inside the system.</p> 
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